常微分方程课件-第07讲63.pptVIP

* Proposition[C/P137] Differential Equation/微分方程 Algebraic Equation/代数方程 Proof: * Definition[C/P137;E/P121] The algebraic equation (4.21) is called the characteristic equation (特征方程)of the DE (4.19). A root of (4.21) is called a characteristic root (特征根) of (4.19). * Example 4.2.1 Try to write out the characteristic equations of the following DEs, and find the characteristic roots of them. Answer: Multiplicity 3 * 代数基本定理意味着代数方程（即多项式方程）(4.21)有 n 个根，虽然这些根不必是不同的，也不必是实的！但是要求得这些根可能是困难的，甚至是不可能的. * (1) Distinct roots (2) Repeated roots/Equal roots n 个不同根(即无重根)的情形 有重根的情形 * (1) Distinct roots[C/P137;E/P122-P127] * Why ?[C/P138] Proof: Result I: (1) Distinct roots[C/P137;E/P122-P127] * And hence, the general solution of (4.19) is It is also a fundamental system of solutions of (4.19) * Why ?[C/P138] Result I: (1) Distinct roots[C/P137;E/P122-P127] Example 4.2.2[E/P122] Find a fundamental system of solutions of Solution The characteristic equation of the given DE is We solve the above algebraic equation by factoring(因式分解): and so the characteristic equation has the three distinct roots: Therefore, the desired fundamental system of solutions is * Example 4.2.3 Find the general solution of Solution The characteristic equation of the given DE is By solving the above algebraic equation, we obtain the three distinct roots: Therefore, the desired general solution is This is the complex-valued general solution! Question : How can we find its real-valued general solution? * * Result I’: Exercises: * Example 4.2.3 Find the general solution of Solution: The characteristic equation of the given DE is By solving the above algebraic equation, we obtain the three distinct roots: Therefore, the desired general solution is This is the complex-valued general solution! How can we find the real-valued general solution? * Example 4.2.3 Find the general solution of Solution: The characteristic equation of the given DE is By solving the above algebraic eq