observationsofabinaryneutronstarmerger多信使天文学的黎明.pdf

The Dawn of Multi-Messenger Astrophysics: Observations of a Binary Neutron Star Merger 多信使天⽂学的黎明：双中⼦星并合的观测 On August 17, 2017 astronomers around the world were alerted to gravitational waves observed by the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. This gravitational wave event, now known as GW170817, appeared to be the result of the merger of two neutron stars. Less than two seconds after the GW170817 signal, NASAs Fermi satellite oberserved a gamma-ray burst, now known as GRB170817A. Within minutes of these initial detections telescopes around the world began an extensive observing campaign. The Swope telescope in Chili was the first to report a bright optical source (SSS17a) in the galaxy NGC 4993. Several other teams independently detected the same transient over the next minutes and hours. For the next several weeks astronomers observed this location with instruments sensitive across the electromagnetic spectrum. These observations provide a comprehensive view of this cataclysmic event starting ~100 seconds before merger until several weeks after. The observations support the hypothesis that two neutron starts merged in NGC 4993 producing gravitational waves, a short-duration gamma-ray burst, and a kilonova. GW170817 marks a new era of multi-messenger astronomy, where the same event is observed by both gravitational waves and electromagnic waves. 在2017年8 ⽉17⽇，许多分布在全球各地的天⽂学家们获知了⼀个消息，⾼新LIGO和⾼新Virgo探测 器探测到了⼀个新的引⼒波信号。这⼀引⼒波事件，正式编号为GW17817 ，其形式与两个中⼦星的 并合相⼀致。GW170817引⼒波信号到达之后不到两秒的时间内，NASA的费⽶卫星就探测到了⼀个 伽⻢射线暴，命名为GRB170817A。在最初探测之后的⼏分钟内，全世界各地的望远镜就开始了忙 碌的观测。在智利的Swope望远镜是第⼀个在星系NGC4993中报道观测到明亮的光学源 （SSS17a）的。其他⼏个团队在接下来的⼏分钟到⼏⼩时内独⽴地探测到了这⼀个源。在接下来的 ⼏个星期内，天⽂学家在光谱不同波段上都投⼊了观测设备，在那⼀区域进⾏观测。这些观测对这 ⼀灾变性事件提供了从并合前约100秒到并合后数星期的全⾯的描述。这些观测验证了这⼀假设： NGC4993中的两个中⼦星并合，同时产⽣了引⼒波、短伽⻢暴和千新星。GW170817标志着多信使 天⽂学的⼀个新时代，引⼒波和电磁波协同观测，⼀起研究同⼀个信号。 Introduction 简介 The idea of a neutron star (NS) was first presented over eighty years ago in 1934. It was another 33 years before they