纤维素制备乙醇技术的研究进展.docVIP

纤维素制备乙醇技术的研究进展 摘要：中国面临着严重的能源短缺和环境污染问题, 中国政府正在局部几个省份内政策性鼓励燃料乙醇生产和使用。尽管当前主要是用玉米和谷物作为生产乙醇的原料, 然而中国具有大量潜在的低成本的纤维素生物质原料, 可以极大地扩大乙醇的产量, 降低原料成本。近20 年来, 由于技术的革命性进步, 已使得纤维素乙醇的生产成本从4 美元P加仑以上, 降低至约112 ~ 115 美元P加仑。其中, 每吨生物质约44 美元。因此, 目前乙醇掺汽油具有十分强的市场竞争力。已有几个公司正在建造首批商业纤维素乙醇工厂, 虽然这些刚起步的小型设施在合理利用和管理上风险较小, 但规模经济需要较大型工厂。尽管配送生物质原料的成本会随需求的增加而增加, 但在乙醇生产基础上的生物精炼技术的发展, 尤其是化工产品和动力的协同生产, 将会使全过程的经济可行性大大提高。进一步深入的基础研究, 将解决低成本下实现纤维素的完全利用, 以确保在无政策性补贴的前提下, 真正使纤维素乙醇成为具有市场竞争力的低成本纯液体燃料。 关键词： 纤维素乙醇 研究与开发 商业化 Abstract： China now faces very serious energy shortages and environmental pollution problems. Thus, the Chinese government is encouraging ethanol use as an alternative transportat ion fuel by introducing fuel ethanol production and distribution within several provinces. Although the current emphasis is on ethanol production from corn and other grains,China has huge quant ities of low cost cellulosic biomass that could significantly expand ethanol product ion volume and reduce feedstock costs. Over the last 20 years, a number of technical advances have dropped the cost of making cellulosic ethanol from more than S| 4100Pgallon to only about S| 1120 ) 1150Pgallon for biomass cost ing about S| 44 per ton. At this cost, ethanol is competitive for blending with gasoline, and several companies are working to build the first commercial cellulosic ethanol plants. Although these initial facilities will be relatively small to capitalize on niche opportunities and manage risk, economies of scale appear to favor larger plants even though delivered biomass costs increase with demand,and co-production of ethanol, chemicals, and electric power can provide important synergies. Advances in overcoming the recalcitrance of cellulosics are still needed to achieve competitive costs without subsidies, and strategic opportunities have been defined to reduce the cost of cellulosic ethanol sufficiently to become a low-cost pure liquid transportation fuel. Key words：cellulosic ethanol; research and development ; commerci