Basic Concepts of the Finite Element Method：有限元法的基本概念.Image.Marked.pdfVIP

Hutton: Fundamentals of 1. Basic Concepts of the Text © The McGraw−Hill Finite Element Analysis Finite Element Method Companies, 2004 C H A P T E R 1 Basic Concepts of the Finite Element Method 1.1 INTRODUCTION The finite element method (FEM), sometimes referred to as finite element analysis (FEA), is a computational technique used to obtain approximate solu- tions of boundary value problems in engineering. Simply stated, a boundary value problem is a mathematical problem in which one or more dependent vari- ables must satisfy a differential equation everywhere within a known domain of independent variables and satisfy specific conditions on the boundary of the domain. Boundary value problems are also sometimes calledfield problems. The field is the domain of interest and most often represents a physical structure. The field variables are the dependent variables of interest governed by the dif- ferential equation. The boundary conditions are the specified values of the field variables (or related variables such as derivatives) on the boundaries of the field. Depending on the type of physical problem being analyzed, the field variables may include physical displacement, temperature, heat flux, and fluid velocity to name only a few. 1.2 HOW DOES THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD WORK? The general techniques and terminology of finite element analysis will be intro- duced with reference to Figure 1.1. The figure depicts a volume of some material or materials having known physical properties. The volume represents the domain of a boundary value problem to be solved. For simplicity, at this point, we assume a two-dimensional case with a single field