Lect_ch14 连网与网络互连.pptVIP

CHAPTER 14:连网与网络互联NETWORKING AND INTERNETWORKING Objectives 描述网络和网络互联，解释它们的作用 简要讨论TCP/IP协议栈，IP地址，协议端口，因特网服务和应用 解释什么是客户/服务器软件模型，它如何工作 讨论各种用于电子通信，远程登录，文件传输，远程命令执行，以及状态报告的网络软件工具 简要描述安全shell 覆盖如下命令和原语：finger, ftp, ifconfig, nslookup, ping, rcp, rlogin, rsh, ruptime, rusers, rwho, talk, telnet, traceroute Introduction In the late 1960s, Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)美国国防部高级研究计划局 started funding networking research In the late 1970s, a wide area network, ARPANET was developed The early internet, using the TCP/IP protocol suite became operational in 1982 The early internet connected a few academic, research and U.S military organizations Introduction(cont) In 1983 only 562 sites were connected to the Internet In 1991, the first web browser, Mosaic was developed By 1996, the number of computers connected to the Internet has reached to 9.5 million Today, almost 300 million（3亿？, 教材30亿？？） computers, and 1 million networks are connected to the Internet Most networking technologies and protocols were initially implemented on Linux or Unix platforms Computer Networks and Internetworks If two or more hardware resources (computers, printers, etc) are connected to each other, they form a computer network Each hardware resource on a computer network is called a host Computer Networks and Internetworks(cont) Computer network categories according to the distance between hosts: LAN (Local Area Networks) : Connect hosts in a room, in a building or in a campus MAN (Metropolitan Area Networks) : Connect hosts within a city WAN(Wide Area Networks) : Connect hosts across cities, countries, continents Computer Networks and Internetworks(cont) 互联网络是由不同的网络之间互联构成的网络。 通过使用路由器(router)和网关(gateway)，这些网络设备将这些不同的局域网接入Internet。 计算机网络和网络互联的动机 资源共享：计算机网络的使用可以实现计算机，打印机，绘图仪，扫描仪，文件和应用软件的共享。 作为一个交流媒体：对于彼此相隔比较遥远的人之间，网络是一种廉价，快速并且十分可靠的交流媒体。 成本效益：和微机还有大型机相比，利用网络，在花费成本相同的情况下，你可以得到更多的计算能力。 较低的性能衰减：对于一个单独的性能强大的微机，大型机或者巨型机，如果计算机有任何错误，比如主存中的一个bit损坏，整个工程就会停滞。但是对于使用网络的计算机来说，一台计算机崩溃，还可以利用其他的计算机资源进行计算和工作