燃料电池及其应用.ppt

* Capacitor: low-energy/high-power application Low-speed flywheels: high-energy/low-power application * Threshold control: BCHP operates whenever the electrical load is greater than a predetermined threshold Buyback priority: sell back power to utility Cooling priority Heating priority Optimal control * Three causes for concern with regard to whether a combined grid-DG system will truly deliver high reliability. Running the DG unit “in parallel” with the grid requires close monitoring of the grid, the DG, and the owner’s demand, with precise control of the DG unit and its grid interconnection at all times. Reliability problems from other places in the grid, far from the DG site, can cause operating problems for the DG unit. Unexpected events on the utility system can disturb the DG unit, often causing it to shut down, particularly if it has very sensitive control or protection equipment. * In parallel operation, the DG and the grid are both always connected to the load, and hence to each other. The grid will instantaneously make up the difference if the DG fails suddenly. Similarly, the DG will pick up the load instantly if the grid source suddenly fails, and again there is no interruption of power. In roll-over operation, if the DG fails while it is supplying the load, either a human being or an automatic sensor, has to operate two switches, the first to disconnect the DG from the load, the second to roll the load over to the grid by connecting the load to it. The opposite switching sequence occurs if the grid is connected to the load and the DG is on standby. * 2 to 3 kW * Ejector: Desulfurized natural gas is fed directly into an ejector (also known as a jet pump). The ejector creates a partial vacuum that pulls spent fuel from a recirculation plenum near the top of the stack. This captures water vapor needed for the reforming of the natural gas. Pre-reformer: This fuel mixture passes over a catalyst (the pre-reformer) where any higher hydrocarbons are co