7-十九世纪现实主义文学.ppt

西方文明的繁荣 —19世纪欧美现实主义文学 The Realistic Literature Introduction 19th-Century Western literature can be divided clearly into two developing periods: Romantic period and Realistic period. ?? From about 1790 to 1830 there was the Romantic period, and the basic achievement of literature is Romantic poetry. The major Romantics (Wordsworth, Coleridge, Keats, Shelley, Byron and Blake) shared an interest in the individual and the imagination, as well as having a heroic notion of the function of the poet. ??? The Realistic period (critical realism) began about 1830, and lasted till the turn of the century. And the basic achievements of literature are prose works, including novels, novelette and short stories. ?? The expression Realism, when applied to literature of the 19th century, implies the attempt to depict contemporary life and society. The realist tendency is not necessarily anti-romantic 批判现实主义这一术语是后人概括出来的。法国的普鲁东（1809—1865）在《艺术的社会使命》中，最早作出“现实主义是批判的”论断。正式提出批判现实主义并给它下定义的是高尔基。高尔基指出：“资产阶级的‘浪子’的现实主义，是批判的现实主义；批判的现实主义揭发了社会的恶习，描写了个人在家庭传统、宗教教条和法规压制下的‘生活和冒险’，却不能够给人指出一条出路。” The growth of realism is linked to the development of science (especially biology), history and the social sciences and to the growth of industrialism and commerce.现实主义产生的时代背景，我们可以概括为资本主义的确立与发展时期。 ? The main characteristics of critical realism are as follows: ????1. critical attitude ????? 2. objectivity ????? 3. characterization and typical background ????? 4. a time of novels 教材p270 French realism The main achievements of romantic literature consist of poetry, while the novel, as the most suitable genre for registering the social upheavals brought first by the French Revolution and Napoleonic wars and then by the expansion of capitalism and the industrial revolution, became the dominant mode of expression. The literary giants of this period are mainly novelists, such as Hugo, Stendhal and Balzac. 前期法国现实主义文学以描写封建贵族与新兴资产阶级的矛盾以及资产阶级内部矛盾为主，在表现出对现实强烈的批判性和揭露性的同时，也流露出了对封建时代的依恋之情。 后期法国现实主义文学受到自然科学方面的成就