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Postmodernism (mid 20thC-) Postmodernism disbelieves rationalism, idealism, and the subjective apprehension of experience. Holds that the reality of modem life was too elusive and uncertain for people, to rationalize and idealize. Any attempt to impose order on a disordered reality was artificial and falsifying. Therefore, they chose the play of irrationality, the free play of language over discursive coherence and formalistic unity. By rendering language irrational and even unreadable, postmodern writers neutralized the fiasco(惨败)of reality and the imposture(欺诈)of history and suggested participation in the chaos and absurdity of the world as the only meaningful way of life. modernism and postmodernism Postmodernism is a reaction against modernism. Modernists tried to control the fragmented society through the agency of art and give it an art form, but postmodern writers were too nihilistic to trust their own ability to give shape or significance to the absurd world. Modern consciousness developed a number of responses that created a sense of underlying coherence and order, but postmodern consciousness could no longer find a response adequate to the situation in which it found itself. Modernist literature manipulated ancient myths and stable symbols, but postmodern fiction confronted and exploded contemporary myths and cliches(陈词滥调). Modernism emphasized the subjective apprehension of experience, but postmodernism found itself unable to structure any ordering ideas of reality and so conceived of reality as itself unreal. Rather than observing the modernist slogan Make It New, postmodernism writers repeated, parodied, and slowed things down. They appropriated other genres, both high and popular, longing for a both/and situation rather than one of either/or.  The parentheses（括号） may have several interpretations ： Isolating the speakers reaction; describing with small and capital letters of his impression of the motion together with a scraping sound; exp