初中英语基础语法整理.docVIP

初中英语基础语法整理句子成分知识分析组成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。它包括：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语等。各成分在句中的作用如何?分别由哪些词及短语充当? 1.主语：是句子要说明的人或事物，是句子的主体，一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式或动名词等充当。如：The car is running fast.(名词)We are students.(代词)One of my classmates is from Shanghai.(数词)Its bad manners to spit in public.(不定式)Eating too much is bad for your health.(动名词)【注意】若不定式短语作主语常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语(不定式短语)放在句后。2.谓语：说明主语的动作或状态，也是句子的主体部分，一般由动词充当。动词分为实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词。实义动词单独作谓语，连系动词与表语一起构成谓语，情态动词与省略to的不定式构成合成谓语，助动词与动词原形共同构成谓语部分。如：He works in a factory.(实义动词)I felt cold.(系动词+表语)How can I get to the station?(情态动词+实义动词)Do you speak English?(助动词+实义动词)They are working in a field.(助动词+实义动词)【注意】谓语与主语在人称与数方面要相互照应。3.宾语：是及物动词所涉及的对象，一般由名词、代词、不定式及动名词等充当。如：He is doing his homework.(名词)They did nothing this morning.(代词)She wants to go home.(不定式)We enjoy playing football.(动名词)【注意】有的动词可接双宾语，间接宾语指人，直接宾语指物。这类动词常见的有：give，buy，lend，pass， tell，leave等。如：He bought me a book. Pass me the ball，will you?(间宾+直宾)直接宾语一般放在间接宾语之后，但若把直接宾语放在前面，则要在间接宾语前加适当的介词如to或 for等。如：Han Chen lent some money to Li Hai.(直宾+间宾)Xiao Liu bought a dictionary for Tom.(直宾+间宾)有的动词常用不定式作宾语，而不能用动名词。这类动词有：want，wish， hope，promise，decide，agree， choose，care等。如：I hope to see you again.③有的动词一般只用动名词作宾语，而不用不定式。这类动词有：enjoy，finish，mind，practise，miss， suggest，keep(on)等。如：Do you mind my opening the window?④有的动词后接不定式与动名词含义不同。a)forget to do表示“未发生的动作”，forget doing表示“已完成的动作”。如：Dont forget to come here earlier tomorrow.(还没来)I forgot returning the book to him.(书已还给他了)b)stop to do(不定式为状语)表示“停下原来的事，去做另一件事”，stop doing表示“停止做某事”。如：I stopped to talk with him.(我停下来与他谈话。)The students stopped talking when the teacher came in.(老师进来时学生们停止谈话。)A. dont B. like C. picture D. wall ② The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get B. longer C. days D. summer ③ Do you usually go to school by bus? A. Do B. usually C.go D. bus ④ There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon. A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon ⑤ Did the twin