新加坡国立半导体基础课件Semiconductor_Fundamentals-Lecture 2.pdfVIP

Review the basic concepts/principles in quantum mechanics • Experiments in quantum mechanics history: Black body radiation photoelectric effect hydrogen spectra conclusion: energy is quantized • Wave-particle duality de Broglie wave-particle duality principle: • Uncertainty principle : Certain sets of conjugate observables can not be simultaneously known with infinite precision. (Δx)(Δp x ) ≥h/2 (Δy)( Δp ) ≥h/2 (ΔE)(Δt) ≥h/2 y (Δz)(Δp ) ≥h/2 z must look for the “probability” 1 • Basic Postulates in Quantum Mechanics: 1.Each particle in a physical system is described by a wave function Ψ. This function and its space derivative (∇Ψ) are continuous, finite, and single valued. 2. In dealing with classical quantities such as energy E and momentum p, we must relate these quantities with quantum mechanical operators. • Quantum mechanical operators and Schrödinger equation T + V = E h2 2 [− ∇ + V ]ψ 2m = ψ Schrödinger equation! 2 One-dimensional, time-independent Schrödinger equation 2 2 h d − 2 ψ(x ) +Vψ(x) Eψ(x) 2m dx • Getting Information from the wavefunction The wavefunction contains our knowledge of the system at time t, and using the standard methods of quantum mechanic