基础逻辑学中英笔记.docx

PHIL 1301课本：The Many Worlds of Logic, second edition By Paul HerrickChapter 1 Fundamentals1. Argument: An argument is a sequence of statements in which it is claimed that one of the statements follows from the others.An argument is one or more statements, called “premises,” offered as evidence or reason to believe that a further statement, called the “conclusion,” is true. *Argument = premises 前提 + conclusion 结论反例：Explanation , story, advice 等都不是argument例：1. 从前有座山，山里有座庙。（不是argument） 2. 你是人，人都要脸，所以你要脸（是argument）2. Deductive Argument: An argument is deductive if and only if it is claimed that it is impossible for the conclusion to be false if all the premises are true.Indicator words:CertainlyMust beAbsolutely…3. Inductive Argument: An argument is inductive if and only if it is claimed that it is improbable for the conclusion to be false if all the premises are true.Indicator words:ProbablyLikelyStatistically…Ps：根据之前经验进行的判断都是inductive argument，例如“因为前几天下雨，所以今天也下雨”4. Valid: A deductive argument is valid if and only if it is impossible for the conclusion to be false if all the premises are true.Valid就是逻辑上没问题，至于符不符合事实不管例： 1. 你是妹子。妹子都是伪娘。所以你是伪娘。（valid） 2. 你是妹子。伪娘都是妹子。所以你是伪娘（invalid）Ps: 画类似的Venn diagram很有帮助5. Sound：A deductive argument is sound if and only if it is valid and all the premises are true.*Sound = valid + all the premises are true既符合事实又逻辑合理例： 1. 你是萝莉。萝莉都是妹子。所以你是妹子。（valid + sound）Chapter 13Fallacies1. Fallacies: Typical mistakes in argument辩论法宝2. Informal Fallacies: cannot be defined in purely formal terms.没有固定形式。有固定形式的为Formal Fallacies，可以总结成套路，类似：If A, then BBTherefore, A1）Irrelevance: premises和conclusion无关 ·Appeal to the stick: Threaten＆force 用威胁而不是解释原因迫使对方接受观点 ·Appeal to the man: attack the speaker from character＆circumstance针对讲话的人而不是反驳他的观点 例：你说抽烟不好你咋不戒？ ·From Ignorance: Absence of disprove 没人能证明我是错的，那我就是对的咯~然而很可能只是暂时缺乏证据 例：没人见过外星人，所以外星人？不存在的 ·Appeal to pity： Evoking pity or sympathy 卖萌打滚求可怜而不说合理的原因 ·Appeal to the people: Emotion of being a group