英语发展史.ppt精选.ppt

第二讲 英语发展史 * 语言的谱系分类法 Indo-European languages 46% (Europe, Southwest to South Asia, America, Oceania) Sino-Tibetan languages 21% (East Asia) Niger-Congo languages 6.4% (Sub-Saharan Africa) Afro-Asiatic languages 6.0% (North Africa to Horn of Africa, Southwest Asia) Austronesian languages 5.9% (Oceania, Madagascar, maritime Southeast Asia) * 语言的谱系分类法 Dravidian languages 3.7% (South Asia) Altaic languages 2.3% (Central Asia, Northern Asia, Anatolia, Siberia) Japonic languages 2.1% (Japan) Austro-Asiatic languages 1.7% (mainland Southeast Asia) Tai-Kadai languages 1.3% (Southeast Asia) * Indo-European Language Family 印欧语系 * Geneticclassification One of the worlds major language families Geographicdistribution Before the 15th century, Europe, and South, Central and Southwest Asia; today worldwide. Subdivisions Albanian group Anatolian (e.g., Hittite) Armenian Balto-Slavic (e.g., Russian, Lithuanian) Celtic (e.g., Irish, Welsh) Germanic (e.g., English, German, Swedish) Hellenic (e.g., Greek) Indo-Iranian (e.g., Bengali, Hindi, Persian, Kurdish) Italic (e.g., French, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish) Tocharian * 练习： 用树形图表示以下现代语言的关系： Romance, Indo-Iranian, Slavic, Polish, Italian, German, English, Greek, Celtic, Welsh, French, Spanish, Russian, Swedish, Danish, Germanic, Bulgarian * * English 一词的来源 * Angles Jutes Saxons * * English 一词的来源 The “Engl-“ part of the word comes from the word Angles. The “-ish” part means “belonging to”. The word English means “the language that belongs to the Angles.” * History of English英语发展阶段 Old English (450-1066)Middle English (1066-1500) Modern English (1500-present) * Old English (450-1066) 词汇特征： 词汇量24,000，85％已经不再使用。保留下来的多是基本词汇，如man, wife, child, house, good ,wall, grass, bird, high, eat, drink, sleep。 古英语中的loan words所占的比例仅为3％。借词的缺乏使得本族语词汇意义大量创新resourcefulness，复合法成为重要构词形式。旧词新用、旧词新义随处可见。e.g. mod 古英语是一种高度屈折的语言，名次、代词、动词、形容词、副词都有一整套复杂的词尾和元音变化系统。后来屈折部分逐渐演变为词缀，如-dom, -hood, -ship, -ness, -ful, -ish都起源于古英语。 * Old English (4