化工原理 英文 讲义 chemical engineering principles 2.4-.pptVIP

2.4 The fluid in motion volume rate of flow V ，m3/s mass rate of flow G ， kg/s Velocity of flow (river) Point velocity Mean velocity Describe the fluid Fluid is in continuous, and can be divided into small elements; A element represents physical properties of the fluid; The volume of small element is much smaller than that of container and much larger than a molecule of the fluid. Streamline The lines that the velocity vector is always tangential to. Streamline is the flow locus of fluid element. Streamline The Variation of velocity can be shown by the use of streamlines. 2.4.1 Continuity (Mass conservation ) Considering the flow of fluid through a streamtube Equating the mass rate of flow 2.4.2 Momentum changes in a fluid Potential energy Pressure energy Kinetic energy Units of * * steady unsteady In practice, steady process is for continuous production Steady and unsteady Equidistant streams shows constant velocity over a cross section. Approach one another, closer spacing of SL, velocity increases. For steable fluid flow ： For an incompressible fluid If flow in a pipe the equ. is suitable for: steady, continuous, and incompressible fluid 2）embranchment 3）in parallel 1) In series ideal fluid (No frictional force ?=0) Continuous and stable an element of length dl of a streamtube of cross-sectional area dA Incompressible In gravitational field Force acting on the streamtube: Upstream: Downstream: Sides along the streamtube: Weight along the streamtube: p30 Bernoulli’s equation gZ – potential energy Z: the height above the datum level, at datum level , gZ=0 P/? -- Pressure energy u2/2 – kinetic energy Incompressible fluid: Potential head Pressure head Velocity head Siphonage (siphon) How to calculate u2 P4(a)=? Saturation vapor pressure T=20oC, Ps=2.33KPa T=100oC, Ps=101.33KPa P4 Ps, liquid will vaporize 2.4.3 Energy of a Fluid in Motion For true fluid, viscosity ?0, friction force ?R: loss in