narrative as virtual reality immersion and interactivity in：叙事作为虚拟现实的沉浸性与互动性_推荐.pdfVIP

Narrative as Virtual Reality: Immersion and Interactivity in Literature and Electronic Media. By Maria-Laure Ryan. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001. xiii + 399 pp. $45.00 (cloth). How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature, and Informatics. By N. Katherine Hayles. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999. xiv + 350 pp. $49.00/$16.20. Until recently, discussion of electronic media among literary scholars has been framed in terms of poststructuralist theory (as in the writings of George Landow, Jay David Bolter, Stuart Moulthrop). Hypertext, the medium that has received the most attention, has been considered to exemplify the unmargining and intertextuality claimed by Barthes, Kristeva, or Derrida, and to facilitate the reader’s emancipation as an author. This early phase of theorizing now seems to be waning as a new generation of theorists rethink the nature of electronic textuality. In Cybertext (1997), Espen Aarseth warned explicitly against applying existing literary theory to the new media, argu- ing that this constituted a kind of colonization. Janet Murray situated nar- rative within the current and futuristic framework of virtual reality in Hamlet on the Holodeck (1997). Now, in Narrative as Virtual Reality (2001), Marie- Laure Ryan, in perhaps the most detailed and thorough study to date, con- siders narrative processes across a broad range of texts from the traditional printed novel to such vehicles as electronic games, interactive films, as well as hypertext. Ryan organizes her discussion around some key concepts. Like Murray before her, Ryan closely considers the experience of immersion in narrative media, and opposes this to interaction. Interaction has been a key term in these debates since the earliest hypertexts, although Aarseth rejects it as too imprecise, and Murray refines the concept into such aspects as agency and role