Phonetics 英语语言学ppt知识介绍.pptVIP

Phonetics;;2.2 Phonetics 2.2.1 What is phonetics?;Phonetics looks at speech sounds from three distinct but related points of view:;From the hearer’s point of view: how the sounds are perceived by the hearer, which results in auditory phonetics.;2.2.2 Organs of speech;The pharyngeal cavity: Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing, which is a feature of all vowels and some consonants in English.;When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in such a condition are voiceless.;1.lips 2.teeth 3.teeth ridge (alveolus) 4. Hard palate 5.soft palate(velum) 6.uvula 7.tip of tongue 8. Blade of tongue 9. Back of tongue 10.vocal cords 11.pharyngeal cavity 12. Nasal cavity; The nasal cavity The nasal cavity is connected with the oral cavity. The soft part of the roof of the mouth, the velum, can be drawn back to close the passage so that all air exiting from the lungs can only go through the mouth. The sounds produced in this condition are not nasalized. ;If the passage is left open to allow air to exit through the nose, the sounds produced are nasalized sounds. ;Broad and Narrow Transcription;The distinction between / ph / and /p/ does not make a difference between words in English. If we substitute /p/ for /ph/ in /phin/ we produce a peculiar pronunciation of pin but not a new word; ;But the substitution of p for t does make a difference of word: pin/pin/ and tin/tin/ are different words in English. ;A narrow transcription attempts to represent more or less accurately the way in which a particular speaker pronounces his words. A narrow transcription is a transcription with letter symbols together with diacritics.;Classification of English speech sounds ;The speech sounds in the English language can be divided into vowels and consonants. The basic difference between a vowel and a consonant is that in the pronunciation of the former the air tha