水环境河流 水域生态学课件教学 讲义.ppt

4.3 河流Streams and Rivers;Outline ;4.3.1 河流的类型;河流类型;4.3.2 河流形态 ;一个水系的河流分级. Stream ordering is a method of classifying the hierarchy of natural channels in a watershed.;Horton’s laws ;水系型式(Drainage patterns): 地图上所示河流及其支流的排列形式——由地形和地质结构所决定;水系的型式;D Trellis;河流横截面Cross section ;Gross features of a river corridor;河流廊道river corridor横截面，三个主要部分---河道、河漫滩、陡岸可被构造细部和植物群落进一步细分（图中垂直尺度和河道宽度被夸大了）。;不同地区(a) 和 (b)河廊的 3 个主要组成部分。尽管具体特征可能随地区而异，大多数河谷包括河道、河漫滩和过渡的高地边缘.;A stream corridor. The document provides an overview of stream corridor structure and functions.;河漫滩Floodplain ;A. General features of a floodplain (from Strahler and Strahler, Elements of Physical Geology, 1979);Hydrologic and topographic floodplains. The hydrologic floodplain is defined by bankfull elevation. The topographic floodplain includes the hydrologic floodplain and other lands up to a defined elevation.;B. A diagram of heterogeneity of a tropical floodplain (from Welcomme, 1979);A floodplain is a flat region in the bottom of a valley that is, or historically was, influenced by river flooding;河流阶地Stream terraces;河流阶地是废弃的河漫滩，由下切和河漫滩的加宽交替进行而形成。可以是非下切型的 (A)和下切型的 (B、C). ;在其自身的河漫滩沉积上切割形成的阶地;Terraces formed by an incising stream in response to new patterns of streamflow or sediment load in the watershed. ;5 部分 河源 headwaters 高地、山区 上游 Upper reach 中游 Middle reach 下游 Lower reach 河口 mouth 河流进入大海、湖泊或其它更大河口的地方;河流各段的特征;河谷纵向分段 河道和河漫滩特征随着从河源到河口而发生改变;Channel Slope (比降)Stream gradient;河道形式Channel Form ;(A) 河道中间的障碍物bar可使水流改向并使河道加宽(B) 辫状河道，障碍物将主河道分成许多小汊，大大 加宽了河道;Single-Thread Streams;Braided stream;河曲Meander;Small meanders high gradient coarse substrates;The meandering Okanvago River, Botswana;A fast mountain stream. The gradient is steep and the bottom is largely bedrock.;A slow stream is deeper and has a lower slope gradient.;The mouth of the Amazon, the world’s largest river;Pictures showing the geomorphologic hydrologic characteristics of rivers streams;Pictures showing the geomorphologic hydrologic characteristics of rivers