chapter1 engine performance 发动机原理英文PPT演示教学.pptVIP

Chapter 1Thermodynamic principles; The ideal air standard Otto cycle The Otto cycle is usually used as a basis of comparison for spark ignition and high-speed compression ignition engines. The cycle consists of four non-flow processes, as shown in figure 2.1. The compression and expansion processes are assumed to be adiabatic (no heat transfer) and reversible, and thus isentropic. The processes are as follows: ; 1-2 isentropic(等熵的) compression of air through a volume ratio V1/V2,the compression ratio rv 2-3 addition of heat Q23 at constant volume 3-4 isentropic expansion of air to the original volume 4-1 rejection of heat Q41at constant volume to complete the cycle.;The ideal air standard Dual cycle ;In practice, combustion occurs neither at constant volume nor at constant pressure. This leads to the Dual, Limited Pressure, or Mixed cycle which has heat addition in two stages, firstly at constant volume, and secondly at constant pressure. The state diagram is shown in figure 2.4; again all processes are assumed to be reversible. As might be expected, the efficiency lies between that of the Otto cycle and the Diesel cycle. ;Comparison between thermodynamic and mechanical cycles ; Figure 2.6 is a stylised indicator diagram for a high-speed four-stroke engine,with exaggerated pressure difference between induction and exhaust strokes. As before, rv is the compression ratio, and Vc is the clearance volume with the piston at top dead centre (tdc). The diagram could be from either a spark ignition or acompression ignition engine, as in both cases combustion occurs neither at constant pressure nor at constant volume. For simplicity it can be idealised as constant-volume combustion and then compared with the Otto cycle; In the idealised indicator diagram, induction 0-1 is assumed to occur with no pressure drop. The compression and expansion (1-2, 3-4) are not adiabatic, so neither are they isentropic. Combustion is assumed to occur instantaneously at co