听力测试理论 英文版-Lesson 6幻灯片课件.pptVIP

Lesson 6;Main Content;1. Introduction;The thing we are trying to measure is called a construct, and our test will be useful and valid only if it measures the right construct. What kind of construct is measured in listening comprehension test，do you think? ;Thus, the first task of the test developer is to understand the construct, and then, secondly, to make a test that somehow measures that construct. This is construct validity, and ensuring that the right construct is being measured is the central issue in all assessment.;There has been much debate about how this knowledge is applied to the incoming sound, but the two most important views are: the bottom-up view, and the top-down view. These terms refer to the order in which the different types of knowledge are applied during comprehension.;3. The bottom-up vs. top-down views;So they often assume that the acoustic input is first decoded into phonemes (the smallest sound segments that can carry meaning), and then this is used to identify individual words.;Then processing continues on to the next higher stage, the syntactic level, followed by an analysis of the semantic content to arrive at a literal understanding of the basic linguistic meaning.;Finally, the listener interprets that literal meaning in terms of the communicative situation to understand what the speaker means.;This is the bottom up view, which sees language comprehension as a process of passing through a number of consecutive stages, or levels, and the output of each stage becomes the input for the next higher stage. It is, as it were, a one-way street.;However, there are some serious problems with this view of language comprehension, and both research and daily experience indicate that the processing of the different types of knowledge does not occur in a fixed sequence, but rather, that different types ; of processing may occur simultaneously, or in any convenient order. Thus, syntactic knowledge might be used