抗肿瘤药(英文版）教学文稿.ppt

Anticancer Drugs;“CANCER” Refers to a Malignant neoplasm (New growth) Cancer cells can manifest: Uncontrolled Proliferation. Loss of function due to lack of ability to differentiate. Invasiveness. The ability to metastasize. Cancer arises as a result of a series of genetic changes in the cell, the main genetic lesions being: Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. The activation of oncogenes.;Antineoplastic agents Are cytotoxic not tumoricidal Only kill cells during mitosis, and Not all cancer cells are dividing at the same time. SUCCESS DEPENDS ON: Stage of cancer at time of diagnosis Type of cancer Development of drug resistance Overall health of patient. ;R;CELL GROWTH CYCLE 5 DISTINCT PHASES OF MITOSIS 1. G0 - Resting - no mitosis 2. G1 - Postmitotic - first growth 3. S - DNA synthesis phase 4. G2 - Premitotic - second growth 5. M - Mitosis phase GENERATION TIME - one complete cycle different  in all tumors, from hours to days ; ; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS DEFINITIONS: ? ALKYLATION - chemical reaction that cleaves DNA and interferes with mitosis ? BIFUNCTIONAL ALKYLATING AGENTS - have 2 alkyl groups and alkalate 2 DNA strands ? DOSE-LIMITED SIDE EFFECTS - adverse effects that prevent an agent from being given in higher doses ? EMETIC POTENTIAL - potential of an agent to cause N V ;ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS ADVERSE EFFECTS: Kills all fast growing cells Hair follicles GI tract mucosa Bone marrow suppression (BMS)  causing anemiaand leukopenia All are pregnancy category D ! Most are nephro- hepato- and ototoxic Extravasation of IV can result in loss of limb;Antineoplastic Agents ADVERSE EFFECTS: (Contd) All have a BMS and emetic index All have wide interaction with other drugs. Special training required for nursing Most agents can be harmful to