托福阅读模拟试美国总统制度.pdfVIP

智 课 网 托 福 备 考 资 料 托福阅读模拟试题美国总统制度 这篇托福阅读模拟试题的主要内容是美国总统制度的发展。美国现 在总统制度的发展经历了一个从无到有的时期，也经历了被很多人反对 的时期，但是鉴于总统制度在美国的适应行的加强，它还是在美国流传 了下来。 The development of the modern presidency in the United States began with Andrew Jackson who swept to power in 1829 at the head of the Democratic Party and served until 1837. During his administration, he immeasurably enlarged the power of the presidency. The President is the direct representative of the American people, he lectured the Senate when it opposed him. He was elected by the people, and is responsible to them. With this declaration, Jackson redefined the character of the presidential office and its relationship to the people. During Jacksons second term, his opponents had gradually come together to form the Whig party. Whigs and Democrats held different attitudes toward the changes brought about by the market, banks, and commerce. The Democrats tended to view society as a continuing conflict between the people”-farmers, planters, and workers-and a set of greedy aristocrats. This paper money aristocracy of bankers and investors manipulated the banking system for their own profit, Democrats claimed, and sapped the nations virtue by encouraging speculation and the desire for sudden, unearned wealth. The Democrats wanted the rewards of the market without sacrificing the features of a simple agrarian republic. They wanted the wealth that the market offered without the competitive, changing society; the complex dealing; the dominance of urban centers; and the loss of independence that came with it. Whigs, on the other hand, were more comfortable with the market. For them, commerce and economic development were agents of civilization. Nor did the Whigs envision any conflict in society between farmers and workers on the one hand and businesspeople and bankers on the other. Economic growth would benefit everyone by raising national income and expanding opportuni