物理及人类文明Chapter52.ppt

通往聚变之路 The National Ignition Facility 新一代PW (拍瓦) /30 fs级CPA超强超短激光系统 上海光机所强场激光物理国家重点实验室 目前已获得激光脉宽22—30 fs， 激光能量25. 8 J，峰值功率~890TW/~30 fs。 C：主放大及其泵浦系统 A: 振荡器与展宽器 B: 前置放大系统 5.6.4 核武器及其小型化 姜子牙（司马穰苴？）《司马法》：国虽大，好战必亡；天下虽安，忘战必危。 第一颗原子弹于1945年7月在新墨西哥沙漠中引爆 第一颗用于战争的原子弹，是1945年8月8日投在广岛的原子弹。 它们的中间是垒球大小的一个钚心，周围是5英尺厚的高能化学炸药。 第一颗于1952年在美国引爆的氢弹更是重达82吨。 原子弹的威力比化学炸弹大一百万到一亿倍，为什么要制造得如此巨大呢？ 原子弹原理 核燃料存在一个临界体积。当体积大于此临界体积时，核反应将得到放大，否则链式反应将终止。临界体积对应的质量称为临界质量。例如铀的临界质量为30磅，钚的临界质量为5磅 5.6.4 核武器及其小型化 D—5型导弹可装8个W—88弹头，每艘三叉戟潜艇有24枚导弹，配备192个热核弹头 氢弹 中子弹 思考题 物质结构无限可分与任意可分概念有何区别？ 是否有可能将物体的质量全部转化可利用的能量？ 四种基本相互作用分别在什么条件下，起主要作用？ 核聚变与核裂变比较有何区别？ * * * * * * While computer chips have sped up by 6 orders of magnitude, the energy from fusion experiments has increased by 12. However we recognize that there are computers on every desk, and there are not fusion power plants around every corner. The MFE data point from 1974 was achieved by my thesis advisor when I was a graduate student at Princeton. We figureed that you could see a 1 mJ flash of light, if your eyes were dark-adapted, so this was the occasion for a big party. The power levels of the data points in the 1990’s are in the range of 10 MW, for about one second. This is enough power to light a town. This is an example of Einstein’s remark that the most power force in the Universe is the force of compound interest. We have a ways to go to make industrial levels of fusion power, but clearly a great deal of progress has already been achieved. * Engineering is the Invisible Profession because most people don’t know what engineers do and the impact that they have on their lives. I would have to say that you can thank an engineer for pretty much anything and everything you buy. You can see and appreciate what an artist might do to a painting. You can hear the talents of a musician. However, the skill, craftsmanship and creativity of engineers is largely transparent to us. Scientists often get the credit for the work of engineers. When Fusion Energy b