introduction to syntax 大学英语语言学教材.pptVIP

* syntax What is syntax? Study of how words are combined to form sentences Study of the rules that govern the formation of sentences e.g. * I don’t like these book. * My favorite is for coffee, but I also drink tea. * I got many informations from the book. Definition of Categories（范畴） a group of linguistic items, such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb, which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language. (特定语言中执行相同或者类似功能的一类或者一组的句子成分) related groups of words such as nouns, verbs, and adjectives (单词的相关群组如名词,动词,形容词) Word of the day Syntactic categories Lexical categories (i.e. word-level categories): noun, verb, adjective, preposition, etc. Phrasal categories: NP, VP, AP, PP, etc. Addition of non-traditional categories determiners (Det)限定词 --- articles (a, an, the) --- demonstratives (this, that, these, those) ---possessives (my, your, his, her, its, our, their) degree words (Deg) 程度词 e.g. quite, very, more, so, too, etc. qualifier (Qual) 修饰词 e.g. often, always, seldom, almost, usually, etc. Word-level Categories The boy sees some very pretty flowers. perceives lovely smells small He puts the flowers on a green table. purple hydrangeas under pink poster Noun Verb Preposition Adjective There are four major syntactic categories of open-class lexical items. Three criteria to determine words’ category: meaning (词义) inflection (曲折变化) distribution (分布) Phrase categories and their structures （短语范畴及其结构） NP (noun phrase) VP (verb phrase) AP (adjective phrase) PP (prepositional phrase) Two levels phrase Phrase level Word level phrase specifiers head complements e.g. a cup of tea all the people of China Phrase structure rule（短语结构规则） NP: (Det) N (PP)… e.g. a story about a sentimental girl VP: (Qual) V (NP)… e.g. often have noodles for lunch AP: (Deg) A (PP)… e.g. very hot in summer PP: (Deg) P (NP)… e.g. without hesitation XP rule（X