PEF-Extraction 制药工程与 及设备基础　Pharmaceutical Equipment Fundamentals　　.ppt

Pharmaceutical Equipment Fundamentals Liquid - Liquid Extraction 陈慧萍 chenhuiping@ncu.edu.cn Extraction Extractions use two immiscible phases to separate a solute from one phase into the other. The distribution of a solute between two phases is an equilibrium condition described by partition theory. Boiling tea leaves in water extracts the tannins, theobromine, and caffeine (the good stuff) out of the leaves and into the water. More typical lab extractions are of organic compounds out of an aqueous phase and into an organic phase. Illustration of an extraction in a separatory funnel Liquid-Liquid Extraction Liquid-liquid extraction (also known as solvent extraction) involves the separation of the constituents (solutes) of a liquid solution by contact with another insoluble liquid. Solutes are separated based on their different solubilities in different liquids. Separation is achieved when the substances constituting the original solution is transferred from the original solution to the other liquid solution. Two requirements for liquid-liquid extraction to be feasible:※Component(s) to be removed from the feed must preferentially distribute in the solvent※The feed and solvent phases must be substantially immiscible Scheme Applications Presence of azeotropes or low relative volatilities are involved (and distillation cannot be used) Dissolved or complexed inorganic substances in organic or aqueous solutions Removal of a component present in small concentrations, e.g. hormones in animal oil Recovery of a high-boiling component present in small quantities in waste stream, e.g. acetic acid from cellulose acetate Recovery of heat-sensitive materials, where low to moderate processing temperatures are needed Solvent recovery is easy and energy savings can be realized In general, extraction is preferred over distillation for the following applications: Commercial Extractors Classification of major types Main characteristics and applications Selection of a