Chapter4Mass-StorageSystems海量存储器系统.ppt

Chapter 14: Mass-Storage Systems海量存储器系统 14.1 Disk Structure 磁盘结构 14.2 Disk Scheduling 磁盘调度 14.3 Disk Management 磁盘管理 14.4 Swap-Space Management 交换空间管理 14.5 RAID Structure RAID结构 14.6 Disk Attachment 磁盘连接 14.7 Stable-Storage Implementation 稳定存储实现 14.8 Tertiary Storage Devices 三级存储设备 Operating System Issues 有关操作系统的问题 Performance Issues 有关性能的问题 14.1 Disk Structure磁盘结构 Disk drives are addressed as large 1-dimensional arrays of logical blocks, where the logical block is the smallest unit of transfer. 磁盘设备是以一种逻辑块的一维大数组的形式编址的，这里的逻辑块是传输的最小单位。 The 1-dimensional array of logical blocks is mapped into the sectors of the disk sequentially. 逻辑块的一维数组映射到磁盘上一些相连的扇区。 Sector 0 is the first sector of the first track on the outermost cylinder. 0扇区是最外边柱面的第一个磁道的第一个扇区。 Mapping proceeds in order through that track, then the rest of the tracks in that cylinder, and then through the rest of the cylinders from outermost to innermost. 数据首先都映射到一个磁道，其余的数据映射到同一柱面的其他磁道，然后按照从外向里的顺序映射到其余的柱面。 Disk Structure磁盘结构 Constant linear velocity(CLV) (恒定线速度） Density of bits per track is uniform The farther a track is from the center of the disk, the greater its length, so the more sectors it can hold. 磁头越往中心移动，转速越快，以保持数据速率不变 CD-ROM和DVD-ROM采用这种方法 Constant angular velocity(CAV) (恒定角速度） 磁头转速不变 为保持数据速率不变，从中心往外，数据密度由大变小 硬盘等采用这种方法 Low-level formatted Block size:512 bytes or 1024 14.2 Disk Scheduling磁盘调度 The operating system is responsible for using hardware efficiently — for the disk drives, this means having a fast access time and disk bandwidth. 操作系统任务就是高效地使用硬件——对于磁盘设备，这意味着很短的访问时间和磁盘带宽。 Access time has two major components 访问时间包括两个主要部分 Seek time is the time for the disk are to move the heads to the cylinder containing the desired sector. 寻道时间是指把磁头移到所需柱面的时间。 Rotational latency is the additional time waiting for the disk to rotate the desired sector to the d