论归化策略在政经文体汉译中的运用——译“pooledassets”和“energyresiliency”有感-on the application of domestication strategy in the translation of political and economic texts —— reflections on the translation of.docxVIP
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论归化策略在政经文体汉译中的运用——译“pooledassets”和“energyresiliency”有感-on the application of domestication strategy in the translation of political and economic texts —— reflections on the translation of
residentsofagivenarea.Inadditiontomembershipeligibility,creditunionsdifferfrombanksandotherfinancialinstitutionsinfourotherimportantrespects.Thefirstoneisownership.Thememberswhohaveaccountsinacreditunionareitsowners.Eachmemberhasequalownershipandonevote—regardlessofhowmuchmoneythememberhasondeposit.Unlikemostotherfinancialinstitutions,creditunionsdonotissuestockorpaydividendstooutsidestockholders.Allearningsandlossesgobacktothemembersintheformofoften-lowfeesandtheinterestratesonsavingsandloans.Thesecondimportantdifferenceisgovernance.Creditunionsarerunbyvolunteerboardsofdirectorselectedbyandfromthemembershipitself.Memberselecttheirdirectorsinademocraticoneperson–onevotesystemregardlessoftheamountofmoneyinvestedinthecreditunion.Theelectedboarddeterminestheinterestrates,fees,andothergoverningpolicies.Thethirddifferenceisatax-exemptstatus.Congressexemptscreditunionsfromfederalincometaxes.Theexemptionwasestablishedin1937,affirmedbystatutein1951,andreaffirmedin1998intheCreditUnionMembershipAccessAct,whichstates:“Creditunions,unlikemanyotherparticipantsinthefinancialservicesmarket,areexemptfromFederalandmostStatetaxesbecausecreditunionsaremember-owned,democraticallyoperated,not-for-profitorganizationsgenerallymanagedbyvolunteerboardsofdirectorsandbecausetheyhavethespecifiedmissionofmeetingthecreditandsavingsneedsofconsumers,especiallypersonsofmodestmeans.”特许信用社对某一地区的所有居民提供服务。除获取储户资格不同外,信用社在其他四个重要方面亦不同于银行和其他金融机构。第一个不同点是所有权不同。在信用社储蓄的储户是其股东。无论你在信用社储蓄多少钱,每个储户都有平等的所有权和否决权。与大多数其他金融机构不同的是,信用社不发行股票或支付股息给信用社以外的股东。所有的收益和损失通常是通过低手续费、高储蓄利率和低贷款利率的形式返回给信用社储户。第二个重要的区别是管理。信用社是由其储户本身选出的不领薪水的董事会来运转的。无论其在信用社存款多少,在信用社施行的是民主的一人一票制原则来选举其董事。选举产生的董事会确定利率,手续费及其他管理政策。第三个区别是免税。国会免除了信用社的联邦所得税。免税始于1937年,1951年以章程的形式得到确认,并于1998年以《信用社储户法》的形式再次重申,该法案规定:“信用社不同于其他金融服务市场的参与者,是免除联邦税和大多数州税的组织。因为信用社是由不领薪水的董事会负责管理、储户共有、民主运作、非营利性的组织,同时因为他们可以满足储户尤其是那些中低收入者的储蓄信贷需求这一特定使命。”Thefourthdifferenceisinratesandproducts.Thetax-exemptstatus,combinedwiththeabsenceofstockholderswhomustbepaiddividends,allowscreditunionstoofferc
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