有机化学课件Chapter 2 Alkanes and cycloalkanes教学讲义.pptVIP

Chapter 2 Alkanes and cycloalkanes 2.1 Classes of Hydrocarbon Hydrocarbon:only hydrogen and carbon Only carbon-carbon single bonds:saturated Contain carbon-carbon multiple bonds: unsaturated Alkane:carbon atoms bonded in chains 2.1 Classes of Hydrocarbon Cycloalkanes:carbon atoms bonded to form a ring Acyclic: not cyclic-a chain of carbon atoms Heteroatoms: not carbon and hydrogen Heterocyclic compounds:one or more heteroatoms on ring 2.2 Alkanes Normal alkanes:continuous chain of carbon atoms Branched alkanes:carbon atoms bonded to more than two other carbon atoms General molecular formula:CnH2n+2 Homologous series:C4H10 and C5H12 Different CH2 number,a repeating unit Classification of Carbon Atoms 2.2 Alkanes Primary carbon atom-bonded only one other carbon atom Secondary carbon atom-bonded two other carbon atoms Tertiary carbon atom-bonded three other carbon atoms Quaternary carbon atom-bonded four other carbon atoms Designated by the symbols 1o, 2o, 3o, 4o 2.3 Nomenclature of Alkane The IUPAC rules for naming alkanes Longest,continuous,chain of carbon Large number of branch points 2.3 Nomenclature of Alkane Number the carbon,end of the chain,near the first branch Equal first branch,near the second branch 2.3 Nomenclature of Alkane Number—hyphen—name of alkyl—hyphen—name of alkyl+parent name,alphabetical order Di-(2),tri-(3),tetra-(4) ,same type alkyl Location number,seperated by commas 2.3 Nomenclature of Alkane Prefixes di-,tri-,tetra- won’t change the alphabetical order Name of alkyl groups 2.3 Nomenclature of Alkane 2.4 Conformations of Alkanes About steric structure Differ in the positions of hydrogen atoms Comes from the constant rotation around carbon-carbon σ bond Distance of hydrogen atoms,bonding electrons Staggered:the farthest away from each other, lowest energy Extreme Conformations of Ethane? Name ofConformer Wedge-HatchedBond Structure Sawhorse Structure NewmanProjection ??????????????????????