语言学chapter 3 Phonetics and Phonology教材课程.pptVIP

Chapter 3 Phonetics and Phonology ;Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived. ;Relationship: ;Part 1 Phonetics;Articulatory phonetics is the study of the production of speech sounds. (发声语音学);2.1.2 IPA ;2.2 Consonants and Vowels;2.2.1 Consonants;Nasal（鼻音）— in the production of a nasal, the air-stream is completely obstructed in the oral tract but not in the nasal tract (the soft palate is lowered), so that the air passes through the nose freely.;Fricative (擦音) — in the production of a fricative two vocal organs are brought very close together (but not to the extent of touching each other to form a closure) so that the airstream forcing its way through the resulting narrowing becomes turbulent, and this turbulence is heard as a fricative noise. ;Lateral/Liquid （边音）－ in the production of a lateral the airstream is obstructed along the center of the oral tract, but one or both sides of the tongue are away from the roof of the mouth, so that the air can go through the mouth laterally. [l] is the only lateral in English. ;Affricative （塞擦音） — Affricatives involve more than one of these manners of articulation in that they consist of a stop followed immediately afterwards by a fricative at the same place of articulation. ;2.2.1.2 The place of articulation refers to the point where a consonant is made. ;Interdental（齿音） — the obstruction of the airstream is caused by the tongue tip or blade and the upper front teeth, such as in the production of [θ, e] of the English words “thigh, thy”. ;Palatal （硬腭音）sounds are made with the front of the tongue and the hard palate. The only English sound made here is [j]. ;the description of consonants: (v)+p (lace) + m (anner);2.2.2 Vowels;monophthong vowels: A monophthong is a pure vowel sound, one whose articulation at both beginning and end is relatively fixed, and which does not glide up or down towards a new position of articulation. ;triphthong vowel: (literally with three sounds, or with t