国外心理学史2Hock8PPT课件.pptVIP

What You Expect Is What You Get Stefany Holdsworth Mariah Wolf Goeun Na Lindzee Newsom James Deahl Intelligence, Cognition and Memory Self-fulfilling prophecy= if we expect something to happen in a certain way, our expectation will tend to make it so. Idea of self-fulfilling prophecy first started in 1911 with “Clever Hans.” Mr. von Osten Intelligence, Cognition and Memory Experimenter expectancy: Robert Rosenthal “Maze-Bright” rats “Maze-Dull” rats Introduced how biases can occur outside the laboratory “Pygmalion Effect” Intelligence, Cognition and Memory Method In cooperation with Oak School Administration: Grades 1-6 give IQ test Tests of General Ability: TOGA Nonverbal test so the student’s scores wouldn’t depend upon school-learned skills and one that the teachers at the school were not familiar with. Intelligence, Cognition and Memory Study Design Test given at the beginning of the year. Teachers were told the students were given the “Harvard Test of Inflicted Acquisition.” The deception was important to give teachers certain expectations from the students. Intelligence, Cognition and Memory Teachers were given the names of the students that had scored in the top 20% of the Harvard test. Key to the Study: Students’ names were purely chosen at random for this sample (experimental group). Only difference between these children and the others (control group) is that they had been identified by the teachers as ones that would show unusual intellectual gains. Intelligence, Cognition and Memory Near the end of the school year, students were given the TOGA test once again. The degree in change of I.Q. was calculated for each child. Differences in the control and experimental group could then be examined to see if the expectancy effect had been created in a real-world setting. Intelligence, Cognition and Memory Results For the entire school, the children for whom the teachers expected greater intellectual growth averaged significantly greater improvem