国际贸易实务一导论.pptVIP

1.4 Barriers to International Trade c. Anti-dumping 反倾销 Anti-dumping is a kind of trade remedies; the premise of such practice is that the country must show that its domestic industry has suffered “material” injury by dumped or subsidized imports. 倾销，是指一国（地区）的生产商或出口商以低于其国内市场价格或低于成本价格将其商品抛售到另一国（地区）市场的行为。 B. Non-tariffs Barriers （NTBs）非关税壁垒 d. Export Subsidies 出口补贴 Export subsidies are direct payments or the granting of tax relief and subsidized loans to the nation’s exporters or potential exporter or low-interest loans to foreign buyers so as to stimulate the nation’s exports. 一国政府为了降低出口商品的价格，增加其在国际市场的竞争力，在出口某商品时给予出口商的现金补贴或财政上的优惠待遇 。 第40页/共52页 1.4 Barriers to International Trade e. Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT)技术壁垒 TBT refers to unjustified technical regulations and standards applied to imported products as well as complicated certification and conformity assessment procedure. B. Non-tariffs Barriers （NTBs）非关税壁垒 f. International Cartels 国际卡特尔 列宁指出：“资本主义早已造成了世界市场。所以随着资本输出的增加，随着最大垄断同盟的国外联系和殖民地联系以及‘势力范围’的扩张，‘自然’就使得这些垄断同盟之间达成全世界的协定，形成国际卡特尔”（《列宁选集》第2卷，第788页）。 第41页/共52页 Trade barriers tariffs non-tariffs Socio-cultural barriers Language Religion Customs and manners Economic barriers exchange rate extra cost To think globally, but to act locally 1.4 Barriers to International Trade 中国人砍价 第42页/共52页 1.6 Organizations/ Laws and Regulations in International Trade A. GATT VS WTO 1.6.1 International Organizations 世界贸易组织是根据乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判达成的《建立世界贸易组织协议（Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization) 于1995年1月1日建立的，取代1947年的关说与贸易总协定。 GATT: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 关税及贸易总协定 1947年10月30日在日内瓦签订 第43页/共52页 WTO The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only international organization dealing with the global rules of trade between nations. Its main function is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible. The organization officially commenced on January