Learning Notes - Lake Central High School：学习笔记-湖中央高中.pptVIP

Operant Response a response that can be modified by its consequences is a meaning- ful unit of ongoing beh. that can be easily measured Operant Conditioning focuses on how consequences affect beh. Operant Chamber Using Thorndikes law of effect as a starting point, Skinner developed the Operant chamber, or the Skinner box, to study operant conditioning. Walter Dawn/ Photo Researchers, Inc. From The Essentials of Conditioning and Learning, 3rd Edition by Michael P. Domjan, 2005. Used with permission by Thomson Learning, Wadsworth Division Shaping Shaping is the operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior towards the desired target behavior through successive approximations. Video Clip (4 min, 55 sec) . /academy/lesson/shaping.html Types of Reinforcers *Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows. Big Bang Theory—Sheldon Trains Penny ( /watch?v=bDZCyObMfkA Neg. Reinforcement Video Clip ? /watch?v=qrsR5Rm2LYofeature=related Punishment An aversive event that decreases the behavior it follows. Punishment Results in unwanted fears. Conveys no information to the organism. Justifies pain to others. Causes unwanted behaviors to reappear in its absence. Causes aggression towards the agent. Causes one unwanted behavior to appear in place of another. Although there may be some justification for occasional punishment (Larzelaere Baumrind, 2002), it usually leads to negative effects. Reinforcers Primary a stimulus that is satisfying requires no learning to become pleasurable (innately reinforcing) Ex. Food, water, sleep, exercise, sex, shelter, oxygen etc… Secondary a stimulus that has acquired its reinforcing power thru experience anything that comes to represent a primary reinforcer things we have learned to value Ex. Coupons, $, grades praise Video Clip—Reinforcers (Primary /Secondary Pos / Neg Reinforcers) (6 min, 32 sec) /academy/lesson/operant-conditioning.html