cells神经胶质细胞.pptVIP

Neuron-to-Neuron Connections An action potential moves down axon to the pre-synapse. This depolarization stimulates a flow of Ca2+ into the cell ([Ca2+]↑ ), occurs at the pre-synaptic terminal. In response to nerve impulse-induced calcium influx, the membrane of secretory vesicles fuses with plasma membrane of the pre-synapse and triggers the release of neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles into synaptic cleft. Neurotransmitters are small organic molecules stored in thousands of small, membrane-bound sacs (secretory vesicles). Each sac contains from 10,000 to 100,000 molecules of neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters diffuse to the other side of the gap and combine (stimulate) w/ specific receptors in postsynaptic membrane. Receptor stimulation opens ion channels and propagates next action potential; Synapse may be excitatory or inhibitory Different neurotransmitters bind to different receptors: An advantage for using chemical junctions over direct electrical connections Chemicals such as drugs can compete w/ neurotransmitters and modify the activity of neurotransmitters How Neurotransmitters Work Receptors Neurotransmitters can have different effects on different cells Acetylcholine (Ac) receptors come in two varieties: Nicotinic receptors: in skeletal muscles, cause contractions Muscarinic毒菌鹼receptors: in smooth muscle and heart muscle, Ac inhibits production of action potential, i.e. cause inhibition Results: Ac reduces the heart rate and slows the peristaltic contractions of the smooth muscles in the intestine Ending Signal Neurotransmitters must be cleared from the synaptic cleft after impulse by three strategies Diffusion: diffuse away from the synaptic cleft Reuptake: back into the presynaptic cleft or into surrounding glial cells Enzymatic breakdown: destroy in the synaptic cleft using extracellular enzymes Psychoactive Drugs Not all the molecules that bind to neurotransmitter receptors are neurotransmitters Psychoactive drugs can bind to neurotrans