抗生素PPT课件（英文精品）Mathematical Modelling and Challenges in the Development of Drug .pptVIP

Mathematical Modelling and Challenges in the Development of Drug Resistance Mary Ann Horn Enterococci What are enterococci? Enterococci are bacteria found in the faeces of most humans and many animals. Two types of enterococci are associated with normal healthy people, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium. Enterococci Issues Associated with both community and hospital-acquired infections Among the vanguard of antibiotic resistant bacteria Have acquired resistance genes to counter antibiotics that were once effective Nosocomial Infections What does “nosocomial” mean? What infections are caused by enterococci? Most common infections are urinary tract infections and wound infections. Infections threatening severely ill patients include infection of the bloodstream (bacteraemia), heart valves (endocarditis) and the brain (meningitis). Enterococci frequently colonize open wounds and skin ulcers. Antibiotic Resistance Most enterococci have inherent resistance to various drugs Cephalosporins Semi-synthetic penicillinase-resistant penicillins Clindamycin Aminoglycosides Relatively resistant to other drugs Penicillin Ampicillin Tolerant to cell-wall active agents Ampicillin Vancomycin Antibiotic Resistance (con’t) Developed resistance Plasmid-resistance Definition: A plasmid is an extrachromosomal ring of DNA (particularly of bacteria that replicate autonomously) Transposon-mediated resistance Tetracycline, minocycline, doxycycline Erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin Etc. Antibiotic Resistance (con’t) Development of Multi-drug Resistance Variety of different mechanisms for bacterial mating Pheromone responsive plasmids Broad host-range plasmids Transfer among species of enterococci Conjugative transposons Transfer genetic information from cell to cell Vancomycin Resistance Resistance to vancomycin unknown until 1986. First vancomycin-resistant enterococcus found in France. First strain isolated in 1987 in the United Kingdom. Similar strains now