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Seasonal influenza is an acute viral infection caused by an influenza virus There are three types of seasonal influenza – A, B and C. Transmission:airborne(by droplets and close personal contact.) Virus types A and B are constantly changing due to mutations (change in the viral RNA ) and are more common and more serious forms . Type A viruses are divided into types based on differences in two viral surface proteins called the hemagglutinin (H) and the neuraminidase (N). There are 16 known H subtypes and nine known N subtypes currently influenza A(H1N1) and A(H3N2) subtypes are circulating among humans Type C influenza is stable cases occur much less frequently than A and B . Antigenic shift and drift Influenza type A viruses undergo two kinds of changes : Antigenic drift: is a series of mutations that occurs over time and causes a gradual evolution of the virus Antigenic shift: is an abrupt change in the hemagglutinin and/or the neuraminidase proteins influenza type B viruses change only by the more gradual process of antigenic drift and therefore do not cause pandemics. . Signs and symptoms: sudden onset of high fever cough (usually dry) headache muscle and joint pain malaise sore throat and runny nose Diagnosis History Physical exam : individuals may seem weary and tired Their skin may feel warm may have a fever and runny nose The mucous membrane of the throat may appear reddened Lymph nodes in the neck may be slightly swollen. Thank You ??? ???? ???? The initial symptoms of whooping cough are: runny nose sneezing mild cough low?fever After about 1 week, the dry, irritating cough evolves into coughing spells that last for about one minute. During the coughing spell, the person may become red or purple. After the coughing spell, the person may vomit or make a whooping sound when breathing in. Diagnosis: Culturing of nasopharyngeal swabs Treatment: Antibiotics Treatment with an effective?antibiotic (eryt