抗生素英文课件精品_2.pptVIP

Antimicrobials Medicinal Chemistry Antimicrobial Agents Antibiotics – natural substances produced by microorganisms Semi-synthetic antibiotics – chemically modified natural products Synthetic antibiotics – chemically synthesized natural substances Chemotherapeutic agents – chemically synthesized agents Microbes in History Historical Perspective of Antibiotics Ancient remedies and observations: 1500 BC – Ancient Chinese recognized the therapeutic properties of moldy soybean curd on boils and similar infections 1871 – Joseph Lister noted that urine samples contaminated with mold did not allow the growth of bacteria and tried to identify the agent antibacterial agent in the mold. 1874 – William Roberts observed that cultures of the mold Penicillium glaucum did not exhibit bacterial contamination 1877 – Pasteur and Joubert noted that anthrax bacilli were inhibited when the cultures were contaminated with mold 1897 – Ernest Duchesne reported in his dissertation the discovery, partial refinement and successful testing of a substance with antibiotic properties Modern Era of antimicrobial therapeutics: 1928 – Flemming’s discovery of penicillin 1935 – Domagk’s discovery of sulfonamides 1939 – Ernst Chain, Howard Florey, Edward Abraham purified and stabilized a form of penicillin 1940’s – WWII – Production of penicillin Isolation of Streptomycin Isolation of Chloramphenicol Isolation of Tetracycline 1950’S – Antibiotics in clinical usage Antimicrobial Agents Antibiotic therapy is prescribed for ~ 30% of all hospitalized patients. Antibiotic therapy has grown to be one of the most misused by physicians. Widespread use has allowed for the emergence of antibiotic resistant pathogens. Selection of an antimicrobial agent is a complex procedure – microbiological factors and pharmacological considerations. Antimicrobial Agents Effect on microbes: Cidal (killing) effect Static (inhibitory) effect Spectrum of action Broad Spectrum – effective against procaryotes which kill or i