第一章原核微生物的形态结构和功能.ppt

5.2 Result of Gram-stain The cells that retain the stain (with thick cell walls) are called Gram-positive and appear dark purple under light microscopy. The ones that lose the stain (with thin cell walls and an outer membrane) are called Gram-negative and stain pink or pale purple. G+ G- 6.reproduction and colony morphological features Reproduction Fission binary fission equal binary fission unequal binary fission trinary fission only pelodictyon(暗网菌属) multiple fission only bdellovibro（蛭弧菌） Budding budding bacteria（芽生细菌） 大肠杆菌裂殖 The ribosomes in prokaryotic cells, although similar in shape and function to those of eukaryotic cells, are different in the nature of the proteins and RNAs that make up their structure This has proved to be very useful to the human population as antibiotics that act by inhibiting protein synthesis in bacteria are not effective against eukaryotic protein synthesis, thus allowing selective toxicity. ribosome Archaebacterial ribosomes are the same size as those of the eubacteria but, in some features, they are similar to eukaryotic ribosomes in that they are resistant to the antibiotics, streptomycin and chloramphenicol, and sensitive to the action of diphtheria toxin Basic structure Bacterial DNA is located within the cytoplasm. It consists of a single chromosome which varies in size between different species of bacteria (the E. coli chromosome is 4 x 106 base pairs long). The DNA is circular, tightly supercoiled（致密超螺旋）and associated with proteins which are similar to the histone proteins found in eukaryotic cells Although the chromosome is not contained within a nuclear membrane, it is often seen as a discrete （分离的）area within the cell in electron micrographs which may be referred to as the nucleoid. 4.6 Genetic material nucleoid Basic structure Some bacteria also contain small molecules of extra-chromosomal DNA called plasmids. Th