基因表达及调控2PPT.ppt

永久或半永久性的表达改变 a. Changes resulting from physical rearrangement of the genome; immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor diversities b. Changes due to chromatin structure; X inactivation c. Changes maintained by feedback loops. a regulatory protein activates its own transcription myoD gene actin and myosin a muscle cell a human fertilized egg cell adult 1013 cells 250 cell types specific functions ? ? 基因表达调控的机理 (目前还不十分清楚) A. 基因表达需要RNA polymerase等蛋白与基因上游的调控序列结合，因此染色质包装的致密程度与基因是否表达密切相关。 DNA在细胞核内与多种蛋白紧密结合，反复缠绕。在显微镜下细胞核染色不均，着色较浅的是常染色质（Euchromatin），含有表达活跃的基因；着色较深的是异染色质（heterochromatin），异染色质有的不含任何基因，有的含有不表达的基因。 基因表达调控的机理 组蛋白的去乙酰化 核小体中组蛋白（histones）的修饰决定了染色质的结构。在异染色质中，组蛋白一般是去乙酰化（unacetylated）的，而在表达活跃的功能区则是N端乙酰化（acetylated）的。 基因上游CpG 岛的甲基化状况 人类40-50%的基因位于CpG islands附近，这些 CpG 岛的甲基化状况反应了邻近基因的表达情况。 管家基因(Housekeeping genes) 附近的CpG岛通常是去甲基化的，而CpG岛去甲基化的组织特异性基因只存在于表达该基因的组织中。 Synthesis and Processing of the Protein The Role of the Ribosome in Protein Synthesis Ribosomes coordinate protein synthesis by placing the mRNA, aminoacyl-tRNAs and associated protein factors in their correct positions relative to one another. Components of ribosomes, including the rRNAs, catalyze at least some of the chemical reactions occurring during translation. rRNAs provide a scaffolding within the ribosome, to which the proteins are attached The cloverleaf structure of a tRNA tRNA 在蛋白合成中的作用 physical link informational link 真核生物的翻译启始 Regulation of translation initiation Global regulation, which involves a general alteration in the amount of protein synthesis occurring, with all mRNAs translated by the cap mechanism being affected to a similar extent. Transcript-specific regulation involves mechanisms that act on a single transcript or a small group of transcripts coding for related proteins. Transcript-specific regulation of translation initiation.