Evolution and Ecology of Pathogens课件.ppt

Evolution and Ecology of Pathogens Emergence of pathogens * * Martin Polz Civil Environmental Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Outline Emergence of pathogens Global importance of microorganisms What are pathogens? Evolution of pathogenesis Re-emergence of pathogens Antibiotic resistance Cholera Conclusions Germs, germs everywhere Even on a little pear, Germs germs all around, Even on the dirty ground. Germs, germs make me sick, Especially on a candy stick. Germs, germs are so small, Even on a bouncy ball. Candices Germ Poem Microbial communities drive biogeochemical cycles… 100 human activities 140 biological fixation 200 denitrification SOIL ATMOSPHERE OCEANS 15 biological fixation 140 denitrification 1200 internal cycling 8000 internal cycling 10 burial 36 river flow 3 fixation in lightening groundwater Example: The Nitrogen Cycle ? human activities 140 biological fixation 200 denitrification SOIL ATMOSPHERE OCEANS 15 biological fixation 140 denitrification 1200 internal cycling 8000 internal cycling ? burial ? river flow 3 fixation in lightening groundwater Nitrogen Cycle Without Microbes All processes slow. Would life be possible? Microbes Bacteria Fungi Protists Viruses Bacteria Small Efficient Biochemically diverse Fast growth Marine Freshwater Sediments Subsurface sediments (0-3,000 m) Animal guts Cells/ ml or g x106 Total cells x1026 0.5 1.0 4,600 0.34-200 1-105 1,000 1.5 170 38,000 0.0004 (Whitman et al. 1998) Bacteria are everywhere Global bacterial biomass (Pg of C) Soil and Aquatic Plants Bacteria Subsurface Terrestrial Marine 560 1.8 26 2.2 22-215 303 Microbial biomass rivals plant biomass but has higher turnover How many bacterialspecies are there? Wilson 1988 Total number species: ~ 1.4 million Bacteria: ~3,500 Hammond 1995 Total number species: ~ 11 million Bacteria: ~10 million The great plate count anomaly microbial community plating DAPI stained marine water sample 1% of observable bacteria grow on standard cult