抗菌剂化学疗法 （英文PPT）Antimicrobial Chemotherapy课件.ppt

Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Chemotherapy –Ehrlich; chemical used to kill pathogens with no harm to host Chemotherapeutic Agents – any chemical used in medicine = drugs Antimicrobial Agent – special group of drugs used against microbial diseases Antibiotic – Waksman – chemical produced by microbes to kill or inhibit other microbes ; Synthetic ( lab made) or Semisynthetic ( part lab, part microbe) DO NOT WORK ON VIRUSES Chemotherapy – History Egyptians – moldy bread – wounds Willow Bark – aspirin - alleviate pain Foxglove – digitalis - heart disease Paul Ehrlich – 1st – salvarsan 606 ( arsenic compound) – syphilis – 1910 Domagk – sulfa drugs or sulfonamides – prontosil Fleming – penicillium ( mold) – contaminant on petri plates; saw usefulness if mass produced (Chain Florey); used WWII Antimicrobial Agent Properties 1. Selective toxicity – harm microbe more than host; target – cell wall, ribosomes 2. Spectrum of activity – Broad spectrum – wide range of microbes – gram positive gram negative; used when patient is seriously ill microbe not identified; can kill or inhibit normal flora , too Narrow spectrum – limited type of microbes; used if microbe known; less loss of normal flora; drug resistance 3. Modes of Action A. Cell wall inhibition B. Disruption of cell membrane function C. Inhibition protein synthesis D. Nucleic acid inhibition E. Antimetabolite 4. Side Effects A. Toxicity – chemicals kill microbes, no serious harm to host; (more later) B. Allergy – over reaction of immune system to foreign protein; mild – rash to severe – anaphylactic shock C. Disruption of normal flora – broad spectrum antibiotics; superinfections can result- drug resistant 5. Resistance to drugs Microbes once susceptible to antibiotic , no longer affected; many antibiotics – bacteriostatic – inhibit when present Resistance can be acquired by Nongenetic Evasion – microbe hides in tissue , produces progeny , released progeny still susceptible to drug EX. TB Revers