《Discrete Mathematics II教学-华南理工》Lecture 4 Rings and fields.pptVIP

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《Discrete Mathematics II教学-华南理工》Lecture 4 Rings and fields.ppt

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Rings and Fields South China University of Technology Rings Definition: A ring consists of a set R on which are defined operations of addition and multiplication satisfying the following axioms: x+y = y+x for all elements x and y of R (i.e., addition is commutative); (x+y)+z = x+(y +z) for all elements x, y and z of R (i.e., addition is associative); there exists an element 0 of R with the property that x + 0 = x for all elements x of R; given any element x of R, there exists an element -x of R with the property that x + (-x) = 0; x(yz) = (xy)z for all elements x, y and z of R (i.e., multiplication is associative); x(y + z) = xy + xz and (x + y)z = xz + yz for all elements x, y and z of R (the Distributive Law). Example The set Z of integers is a ring with the usual operations of addition and multiplication. The set Q of rational numbers is a ring with the usual operations of addition and multiplication. The set R of real numbers is a ring with the usual operations of addition and multiplication. The set C of complex numbers is a ring with the usual operations of addition and multiplication. Rings and fields If there is an element 1?R such that 1? 0 and 1a = a1 = a for each element a ? R, we say that R is a ring with unity or identity. A ring R for which ab = ba for all a, b in R is called a commutative ring. A commutative ring R with identity is called an integral domain if, for every a,b ? R such that ab = 0, either a = 0 or b = 0. A division ring is a ring R, with an identity, in which every nonzero element in R is a unit; that is, for each a ? R with a ?0, there exists a unique element a-1 such that a-1a = aa-1 = 1. A commutative division ring is called a field. Example Z is an integer set. <Z,+,·> is a ring. <Z,+,·> is an integral domain. If ab = 0 for two integers a and b, either a = 0 or b = 0. <Z,+,·> is not a field. There is no integer that is the multiplicative inverse of 2, since 1/2 is not an integer. The only integers with multiplicative in