先秦期间山岳崇拜初探.pdfVIP

摘 要 山岳表现出支配人类生存的非凡能力：一方面它表现为人类的恩赐者，给人 类提供各种生活资源；另一方面它又表现为人类的压迫者，毒虫猛兽、山洪山崩 无情地威胁着人类的生存。人在山岳面前显得非常渺小，由此萌生了对山岳的依 赖和恐惧，乞求山岳赐福禳灾。那时人们还不能通过自身的努力来改善生存条件， 只能把希望寄托于山神的恩赐，于是产生了山神崇拜。山神崇拜是先秦时期山岳 崇拜的具体表现。部落联盟时期是山岳崇拜的萌芽期，已经初步形成了山岳崇拜 观念。夏代以部落联盟首领充任山神，山神与祖先神合而为一。商人频繁地向山 神求雨、求年成、求福佑，并虔诚地对山神行祭祀之礼。对于山岳的盲目崇拜， 使商人在其面前只能听其摆布，没有太多作为。周人更多地赋予了山岳神灵判断 是非、惩罚邪恶的神性。周代山神职能较之商代有所增益，山岳祭祀开始与国家 制度密切结合。周人的崇山观念推动了巡狩、封禅等重要政治活动的开展。受人 文思潮影响，周人以山崩作为上天对王者的惩戒。先秦时期山岳崇拜的表现形式 多样，且具有地域性、功利性、等级性等特点。先秦时期的山岳崇拜促进了社会 进步，培养了先秦士人的高尚情操，滋润了早期文学艺术。山岳崇拜不仅使山林 资源得到了较好的保护，而且对道教影响深刻，为道教“洞天福地”体系的创立 提供了参照。先秦时期山岳崇拜既是古代文明的投影，也是中国古代文化发展的 必经阶段。 关键词：先秦；山岳崇拜；万物有灵；原始宗教；山神；祭祀；巡狩；封禅 I Abstract Mountain shows the extraordinary ability to control human survival: on the one hand as human’s reliever, it provides various life resources for mankind; on the other hand as human oppressor, it also ruthlessly threats to the survival of mankind, just like poisonous insect and feral beast, mountain torrents and landslide . In the face of the mountain, people are so tiny that come into being dependence and frightened feelings. Then they beg mountain to bless and remove the disaster. At that time ， people can’t improve the living condition through their own efforts, they just repose hopes on Mountain-Gods’ favor, and then come into being the worship of Mountain-Gods. The worship of Mountain-Gods is the specific expression of the mountain worship in the pre-Qin period. The period of tribe alliance is the embryonic period of mountain worship and has already formed the notion of mountain worship. The leader of the tribe alliance held position of Mountain-Gods in Xia Dynasty, Mountain-Gods and ancestors