上海交通大学微生物课件第3章PPT.ppt

第3章 微生物细胞的 结构与功能;第一节 原核微生物;证实细胞壁存在的方法：;细胞壁的功能：; 1.革兰氏阳性细菌的细胞壁;A、肽聚糖单体;青霉素b-内酰胺环结构与D-丙氨酸末端结构相似，从而能占据 D-丙氨酸的位置与转肽酶结合，并将酶灭活，肽链之间无法彼 此连接，抑制了细胞壁的合成。;A、肽聚糖;跨越肽聚糖层 并与细胞膜相 交联的膜磷壁 酸（又称脂磷 壁酸），由甘 油磷酸链分子 与细胞膜上的 磷脂进行共价 结合后形成。其含量与培养条件关系不大。可用45% 热酚水提取，也可用热水从脱脂的冻干细菌中提取。;二价阳离子，特别是高浓度的Mg2+。的存在，对于保持膜的 硬度，提高细胞膜上需Mg2+的合成酶的活性极为重要。; 2. 革兰氏阴性细菌的细胞壁; 2.革兰氏阴性细菌的细胞壁;Figure 1.?Bacterial cell wall structure and endolysin targets. (a) Schematic representation of the bacterial cell wall, and of how phage endolysins gain access to their substrate. Holin proteins (blue) insert themselves into the cytoplasmic membrane and can oligomerize, thereby forming membrane lesions. The endolysins (red) pass through these pores to access the peptidoglycan. Lysis from the outside is possible with Gram-positive cell walls, in which the thick and highly cross-linked peptidoglycan network is usually accessible from the outside. In Gram-negative cells, the outer membrane appears to represent an efficient barrier for prevention of lysis by free endolysin. (b) This depicts the fine structure of a type A1γ peptidoglycan, such as that of E. coli, Listeria and many other bacteria. The interpeptide bridge consists of a diamino acid (m-DAP) that is directly cross-linked to the terminal d-Ala of the opposite peptide chain. The bonds potentially attacked by endolysins of different enzymatic specificities are indicated by numbers: 1, N-acetylmuramoyl-l-alanine amidase; 2, l-alanoyl-d-glutamate endopeptidase; 3, d-glutamyl-m-DAP endopeptidase (note that this activity has not yet been identified in a phage endolysin); 4, interpeptide bridge-specific endopeptidases (see text); 5, N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase; and 6, N-acetyl-β-d-muramidase (also known as muramoylhydrolase and ‘lysozyme’) and lytic transglycosylase. Abbreviations: CCWP, carbohydrate cell wall polymer; GlcNAc, N-acetyl glucosamine; LU, linkage unit; m-DAP, meso-diaminopimelic acid; MurNAc, N-acetyl muramic acid; P, phosphate group. ;B、外膜(oute