全国200210月高等教育自学考试.ppt

Constructs Tools Constructs Tools Constructs Tools Constructs Tools Issues Concerns Heredity v. Environment? More genetically similar have more similar scores. One of the better predictors of IQ is mother’s IQ Current estimates are that genetics convey around 75% of IQ in white populations (APA,1995) Issues Concerns Issues Concerns Environmental influences include attendance at school (McGue et al., 1993); diet - breast fed at 5 to 6 months score higher IQ’s at 6 (Ceci, 2001);SES - Adoption studies seem to indicate that SES has a strong, causal effect on intelligence, e.g.: Well-controlled adoption studies done in France have found that transferring an infant from a family having low socioeconomic status (SES) to a home where parents have high SES improves childhood IQ scores by 12 to 16 points or about one standard deviation, which is considered a large effect size in psychological research. Wahlsten (1997, p. 76). Issues Concerns Many other weaker but influential environmental factors add to variance in IQ scores (Bouchard Segal, 1985;Breslau,1994) Infant malnutrition (-ve) Birth weight (-ve 2000 grams) Birth order Height Number of siblings (-ve) Number of years in school Social group of parental home Fathers profession Fathers economic status Degree of parental rigidity (-ve) Parental ambition Mothers education Average TV viewing (-ve) Average book-reading Self-confidence according to attitude scale measurement Age (negative relationship, applies only in adulthood) Degree of authority in parental home (-ve) Criminality (-ve) Alcoholism (-ve) Mental disease (-ve) Emotional adaptation Issues Concerns Major clinical caveat: Always ask when considering IQ testing (or any psychometric testing) or viewing a test result – “On what population was the test normed?” You can draw no valid conclusions about persons’ test performance if norms for their age range or culture are incomparable, inadequate or non-existent Issues C