毕业论文外文翻译-滑坡和质边坡的变形.doc

Landslides and Deformation of Rock Slopes Landslide is the downslope movement of rock,sediment,and soil under the influence of gravity without the aid of the other agents of erosion such as fiowing water,wide,or ice. Landslide debris are transported off a slope within a matter of seconds or minutes to the imperceptible slow creep of individual particles down a gradual slope.these types of movements may be triggered by the vibrations from earthquakes or the mechanical pushing or heaving of particles downslope,or they may occur spontaneously if the gravitational forces exceed the forces holding the marerial to the slope.Five basic types of landslide are definded, based on the type of movement involved: falls, siumps , and creep. Falls are created by the free fall of rocks or coherent masses of sediment from steep cliffs.The coarse debris that breaks loose from the cliff tumbles over the slope and accumulates to form talus or scree deposits at the base of the slope.Slides are slope failures in which a large mass of rock and debris slips downslope along a zone of weakness,usually a bedding plane or structural surface(a fault or joint).The debris removed from the slope may come to rest anywhere from a meter to a kilometer downslope.A scar is left on the slope delineating the area in which the debris originated. Slumps are generated when a block of sediment breaks loose from its bed and slides downward and outward as a coherent unit along a curved faiure plane.As the failed block rotates from its original position,it produces a scarp or concave scar on the slope.Sliding and slumping may occur suddenly in one great landslide or in a series of small displacements that take place over months or years.Flows are created by the downslope movement of water saturated debris.The material being transported may remain semi coherent or may become jumbled and mixed.These soggy masses may move rapidly downslope in a few centimeters (mudflows and debris flows on alluvial fans) or at