模具专业英语毕业论文外文献翻译.doc

外文文献 English for Die Mould Lesson 1 Drawing Operation Three bent flanges are shown in Fig. 1-1 , The first one ( Fig. 1-la) is the simple straight bend. The stretch flange and shrink flange ( Fig. 1-lb and c, respectively) involve a plastic flow of metal that does not take place in a straight-bend flange. This plastic flow or adjustment of metal is characteristic of all drawing operations. Stresses are involved that exceed the elastic limit of the metal so as to permit the metal to conform to the punch. However, these stresses cannot exceed the ultimate strength without developing cracks. If the stretch flange ( Fig. 1-lb) is considered to be a section of a circular depression that has been drawn, the metal in arc aa must have been stretched to aa. The action is a thinning one and must be uniform to avoid cracks. In the shrink flange ( Fig. 1-lc) the action is just the opposite, and the metal in the flange is thickened. Most drawn parts start with a flat plate of metal. As the punch is forced into the metal, severe tensile stresses are induced into the sheet being formed. At the same time the outer edges of the, sheet that have not engaged the punch are in compression and undesirable wrinkles tend to form. This must be counteracted by a blank holder or pressure plate, which holds the flat plate firmly in place. In a simple drawing operation of relatively thick plates the plate thickness may be sufficient to counteract wrinkling. This may be done in a single-acting press as shown in Fig. 1-2. Additional draws may be made on the cup-shaped part, each one elongating it and reducing the wall thickness. Most drawing, involving the shaping of thin metal sheets, requires double-acting presses to hold the sheet in place as the drawing progresses. Presses of this type usually have two slides, one within the other. One slide controlling the blank-holding rings moves to the sheet ahead of the other to hold it in place. This action is illustrated in Fig. 1-3. The motio