No third-party punishment in chimpanzees黑猩猩第三方向.pdfVIP

No third-party punishment in chimpanzees a a,b,1 a a Katrin Riedl , Keith Jensen , Josep Call , and Michael Tomasello aDepartment of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; and bBiological and Experimental Psychology Group, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom Edited by Raghavendra Gadagkar, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India, and approved July 25, 2012 (received for review February 23, 2012) Punishment can help maintain cooperation by deterring free- conflicts among the remaining group members (26). However, riding and cheating. Of particular importance in large-scale human the removal of a dominant is likely to create a power vacuum, societies is third-party punishment in which individuals punish which results in increased conflict as the other animals jockey for a transgressor or norm violator even when they themselves are status, and any cooperativeness caused by the dominant’s pres- not affected. Nonhuman primates and other animals aggress ence might arise as a byproduct. To date, there have been no against conspecifics with some regularity, but it is unclear whether direct tests of third-party punishment of violations of coop- this is ever aimed at punishing others for noncooperation, and eration in nonhuman animals. whether third-party punishment occurs at all. Here we report an Chimpanzees are one of humans’ two closest living relatives experimental study in which one of humans’ closest living rela- (along with bonobos). They live in small social groups (typically of tives, chimpanzees (