美国普通化学笔记1.docVIP

Chemistry Review Notes: Chapter 1: Scientific Method – a systematic approach to research Qualitative – consisting of general observations about the system Quantitative – comprising numbers obtained by various measurements of the system Law – a concise verbal or mathematical statement of a relationship between phenomena that is always the same under the same condition Theory – a unifying principle that explains a body of facts and/or those laws that are based on them. Matter – anything that that occupies space and has mass, and chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Substance is matter that has definite or constant composition and distinct properties. Mixture is a combination of two or more substances in which the substances retain their distinct identities Homogenous mixture - Composition of mixture is the same throughout the solution Heterogeneous mixture – composition is not uniform Homo/Hetero can be created and then separated by physical means into pure components without changing the identities of the components Element – a substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means Compound – as a substance composed of atoms of two or more elements chemically united in fixed proportions Unlike mixtures, compounds can be separated only by chemical means into their pure components Physical property: can be measured and observed without changing the composition or identity of a substance Chemical Property - to observe this property we must carry out a chemical change Extensive property – depends on how much matter is being considered Intensive property – does not spend on the amount of matter being considered Macroscopic properties – can be determined directly Microscopic properties – on the atomic or molecular scale, must be determined by an indirect method Mass – measure of the quantity of matter in an object Weight – is the force that gravity exerts on an object Significant figure – are the meaningful digits in a measur