船舶连环碰撞法律问题的研究.doc

摘 要 随着国际航运日趋繁忙，各港口和航道船舶密度不断增加，船舶连环碰撞事故的发生逐年呈上升趋势。然而，现行的船舶碰撞法体系是基于单纯的两船碰撞而建立起来的，面对越来越多的连环碰撞案件，在认定其复杂的法律关系，确定当事各方的碰撞责任问题上遇到了难以克服的困难，因此，船舶连环碰撞法律问题的研究成为航运界与海事海商法律界关注的焦点。 本文基于船舶连环碰撞事故在司法实践中遇到的困惑，提出了分阶段分析法，将整个连环碰撞分成以一个碰撞事实为一个阶段的多个部分，然后分别对每个碰撞事实按照一般的船舶碰撞进行深度剖析，最后再通过前后次碰撞事实之间是否存在的必然因果关系做总的定性分析，以造成碰撞的各个原因的原因力大小进行定量微调，从而最终划分各当事方的碰撞责任，其中，前后次碰撞事实之间的因果关系是分阶段分析法中的核心内容。本文同时通过前后次碰撞事实之间是否存在必然因果关系和多船会遇局面的分析，提出了船舶连环碰撞案件分类审理的建议，即将船舶连环碰撞案件分成前后次碰撞事实之间不存在必然因果关系情况下的船舶连环碰撞、前后次碰撞事实之间存在必然因果关系情况下的船舶连环碰撞、多船会遇局面下会遇船舶相互之间均存在避让关系情况下的船舶连环碰撞三种基本类型，分别适用三种不同的立案处理方法。本文除了对通常的船舶连环碰撞法律问题作出研究之外，对拖航、雾航和锚泊三种特殊情况下的船舶连环碰撞事故也进行了简要分析。另外，笔者还着重提出了无接触类船舶连环碰撞的概念及其处理方法。结语部分，笔者对船舶连环碰撞法律问题的研究总结出司法实践中需要注意的问题。 关键词：船舶连环碰撞，分阶段分析法，必然因果关系，多船会遇局面，无接触类船舶连环碰撞 ABSTRACT With the increasingly busy international shipping, increasing density of ships in port and waterway, the number of ship serial collisions is gradually raising. However, the existing ship collision legal system is based on the collision of two ships, and facing the growing serial collision cases, there appeared a insurmountable difficulties when recognizing the complexity of the legal relationship, and determining the responsibility of the parties to the collision. Therefore, the ship collision serial legal problems have become the focus of maritime law and the shipping interest. Based on the confusion encountering in judicial practice of ship serial collisions, phase-analysis method will be proposed in this paper. The whole serial collision is divided into several parts according to a collision fact as a stage, on in-depth analysis of each collision facts in accordance with the general method. And then qualitative analysis of the fact of before and after the second collision in order to confirm whether there are inevitable cause-and-effect relationship, and quantitative fine-tuning of the various reasons causing collisions for the sake of determining final division of responsibility of the parties to the collision. Among them, before and after the second coll