中北大学Nucleic-acid-and-Chromosome.pptVIP

2 Nucleic acid and Chromosome Including 2.1 Properties of nucleic acid 2.2 Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic chromosome structure 2.1 Properties of nucleic acid 2.1.1 Nucleic acid structure 2.1.2 Chemical physical properties 2.1.3 Spectroscopic (分光) thermal properties （热质性） 2.1.4 DNA supercoiling 2.1.1 Nucleic acid structure Bases Nucleosides(核苷) base+sugar Nucleotides (核苷酸) base+sugar+phosphate Phosphodiester bonds Bases DNA: adenine(A),guanine(G), cytosine(C), thymine(T) RNA: adenine(A),guanine(G), cytosine(C), uracil(U) DNA/RNA sequence Conventioally, DNA or RNA are represented by their single letter A, T, G, C or U. Write the sequences with 5-end at the left. DNA: 5-ATAAGCTC-3 or ATAAGCTC RNA: 5-AUAGCUUGA-3 direction: ATAAG is not the same as GAATA DNA double helix Base pairing Complementary base pairs Antiparallel minor groove; major groove right-handed (clockwise) B-form Overwound; underwound · The B-form of DNA is a double helix consisting of two polynucleotide chains that run antiparallel. · The nitrogenous bases of each chain are flat purine or pyrimidine rings that face inwards and pair with one another by hydrogen bonding to form A-T or G-C pairs only. · The diameter of the double helix is 20 ?, and there is a complete turn every 34 ?,with 10 base pairs per turn. · The double helix forms a major (wide) groove and a minor (narrow) groove. A, B and Z helices Z－DNA：它是左手双螺旋，与右手螺旋的不同是螺距延长(4.5nm左右)，直径变窄(1.8nm)，每个螺旋含12个碱基对，分子长链中磷原子不是平滑延伸而是锯齿形排列，有如“之”字形一样，因此叫它Z构象，这一构象中的重复单位是二核苷酸而不是单核苷酸；而且Z－DNA只有一个螺旋沟，它相当于B构象中的小沟，它狭而深，大沟则不复存在(图15-7)。进一步的分析还证明，Z－DNA的形成是DNA单链上出现嘌呤与嘧啶交替排列所成的。比如CGCGCGCG或者CACACACA。 不同右手双螺旋DNA的结构参数 双螺旋　 碱基倾　碱基夹　碱基间距　螺距　 每轮碱　 小沟宽／nm×　大沟宽nm×　 　　　 角／（°）角（°）/nm　　／nm　　基数　　小沟宽nm　 　大沟宽nm B-DNA　　0　　36.0　　0.337　　3.4　　　10　　　0.57×0.75　　1.17×0.85 C-DNA　　6　　38.0　　0.331　　3.1　　　9.3　 　0.48×0.79　　1.05×0.75 D-DNA　　　 　45.0　　0.303 0.13×0.67 0.89×0.58 A-DAN　　20　 32.7　　0.256　　2.8　　　11　　1.10×0.