采购与供应链管理3.pptVIP

Analysis 3. The purchasing process: the buyer’s role 案例研究：国家铁路公司购买新型客车 因为所购买的双层客车比铁路能够容纳的宽度多出30厘米而遭受重大损失。 说明：在资本设备的采购中，采购决策流程不能只将注意力集中于设备自身的采购上，还要综合考虑设备的使用、培训和教育、售后服务、维护、备件供应等多方面的问题，而不是在设备投入使用后才考虑。 本章将对第2章所提出的采购流程模型的每一阶段加以详细说明，说明其方法及应注意的事项。 理论说明将以资本设备的采购流程为基础(达万铁路信息系统的招标)。 采购流程 The purchasing process: Step 1: determining on purchase order specifications Step 2: supplier selection Step 3: the purchasing contract Steps 4 and 5: ordering and expediting Step 6: follow up and evaluation of the buying process Step 1: Develop purchase order specification（设计购货订单说明书） Differentiation between: Functional specification Describes the functionality which the product must have for the user（例:外购绿化服务，P44） Advantages of a functional specification: 1. Potential suppliers are challenged to give advice using their expertise and experience 2. It stimulates innovation and innovative ideas 3. It creates terms of reference, against which all supplier proposals can be evaluated Detailed technical specification Describes the technical properties and characteristics of the product as well as the activities to be performed by the supplier in detail Step 1: Purchase order specifications The purchase order specification comprises the following: Quality specifications (technical norms and standards the product should meet) Logistics specifications (quantities and delivery time) Maintenance specification (how the product will be maintained and serviced) Legal and environmental requirements (products, services and production process should be in compliance with legislation) Target budget (supplier solutions and proposals would be within predetermined financial limits) Step 1: Added value of the buyer Ensuring unambiguous functional, technical, logistics and maintenance specifications Preventing the use of supplier or product brand specifications Recording clear procedures regarding approval of specification changes Ensuring a clear sample inspection procedure Ensuring clear descriptions of the