普通心理学课程PPT.pptVIP

Temperament 主讲：王莉 讨论：？？ TEMPERAMENT There are large variations in infants’ emotional reactivity, even at birth Some of these emotional characteristics are assumed to be innate Some of these continue to be stable over time Temperament (Rothbart and Bates, 1998) “ Constitutionally based individual differences in quality and intensity of emotional reaction, activity level, attention, and self-regulation. They are consistent across situations and stable over time” New York Longitudinal Study Thomas and Chess (1956) longitudinal study of 141 children from early infancy to adulthood Conducted detailed interviews to identify characteristics of the children Constructed three major typologies of temperament Structure of Temperament Easy – 40% quickly establish regular routines, are cheerful, and adapt easily to new experiences. Difficult – 10% irregular in daily routines, slow to accept new experiences, and tend to react negatively and intensely. Slow-to-warm-up – 15% are inactive, have mild, low-key reactions to stimuli, and adjust slowly to new experiences. Unclassified – 35% New York Longitudinal Study Some of these dimensions showed stability over time Temperament was predictive of psychological adjustment Parenting practices could modify children’s emotional styles. Mary Rothbart Three underlying components of temperament: emotion (fearful distress, irritable distress, positive affect, and rhythmicity) attention (attention span/persistence) action (activity level) Measuring Temperament Behavior parent interviews and questionnaires behavior ratings by medical professionals or caregivers direct researcher observation. Physiological Reactions Heart rate hormone levels EEG waves in the frontal cortex Temperamental styles Inhibited, or shy, children react negatively to and withdraw from novel stimuli. Uninhibited, or sociable, children display positive emotion to and approach novel stimuli. Biological Basis for Temperament Inhibited, Sh